Black Carbon: A Triple Threat

Black carbon (BC) – also referred to as soot – is a particulate matter that results from the incomplete combustion of fossil fuels and biomass in industries, vehicles, cooking stoves, residential heating, and gas flaring. It is also emitted during forest fires and agricultural burning. As a major climate and air pollutant, BC emissions have widespread adverse effects on human health and climate change.

BC causes respiratory diseases and increases all-cause mortality. Recent epidemiological studies suggest that exposure to BC in particular, as opposed to undifferentiated particulate matter (PM2.5), can increase the risk of cardiovascular disease by six to twenty-six times, and reducing exposure to BC can increase life expectancy by four to nine times compared to PM2.5.

Globally, exposure to unhealthy levels of particulate matter – including BC – is estimated to cause between three and six million excess deaths every year. Out of 1,000 excess deaths from exposure to PM2.5, about 35 deaths can be attributed to BC alone. Country-level analyses in China, India, and the United States have shown that BC causes thousands of premature deaths every year.

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