Increasing access to clean cooking through subsidies

Around 3 billion people cook using open fires or simple stoves that burn polluting fuels like wood, charcoal, animal dung, crop waste, coal, and kerosene. Exposure to household air pollution (HAP) from polluting stoves contributes to millions of deaths every year from diseases like stroke, heart disease, respiratory infections, chronic lung diseases and cancer. Many of the pollutants from household fuels also contribute to climate change. Wood and charcoal, when harvested unsustainably, can also contribute to forest degradation, which adds to climate impacts and more localized environmental problems.

In 2014, the WHO introduced Guidelines for indoor air quality and household fuel combustion for residential cooking, heating, and lighting, providing information to encourage transitions to clean energy options like electricity, liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), ethanol, solar thermal cookers, and certain types of biomass/pellet stoves. To help countries achieve the Guidelines, WHO developed the Clean Household Energy Solutions Toolkit (CHEST), which includes a Household Energy Policy Repository highlighting examples of policies supporting cleaner fuels and technologies. The Repository includes dozens of state-led actions such as fuel bans, awareness raising, standards and labelling, and financial instruments like subsidies on stoves and/or fuels. The Repository also includes independent evaluations of a subset of policies providing insights into the policies’ impact. Financial instruments like subsidies appear frequently in the Repository. This factsheet describes examples of the ways that subsidies have been used, and synthesizes lessons from several independent evaluations.

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