Taxonomy of cooking facilities

The majority of people without clean cooking access rely on the traditional use of solid biomass, which is responsible for creating harmful levels of household air pollution due to inadequate ventilation. Others use unprocessed coal or kerosene, which also produce harmful levels of household air pollution. Kerosene, a liquid oil product, also is highly flammable and can be consumed accidentally by children. Cookstoves span a spectrum of technologies and vary widely according to local practices. This militates against neat categorisation, and therefore there is no universal definition of cookstove types. The following gives a broad overview of the terms used in our reports and highlights some of the trade-offs between stove types.

A traditional (or basic) cookstove is typically identified as a very cheap or no-cost device, which can include a simple open fire, built on the ground with three stones to support a pot, or a basic ceramic, clay or metal stove. It is characterised by very low efficiency and high particulate matter (PM), and burns solid biomass, including fuelwood, agricultural waste or charcoal.

An improved biomass cookstove (ICS) typically describes a stove which has a higher efficiency or lower level of pollution than a traditional stove, through improvements including a chimney or closed combustion chamber. Common types of improved cookstoves include a rocket stove or simple micro-gasifier, which operates a multi-stage burn (also known as wood-gas). There is ambiguity as to whether ICS are “clean” as many models are associated with household air pollution at a level harmful to human health. For this reason, people currently relying on ICS are not considered to have access to clean cooking. In our scenario, however, improved cookstoves do form an important part of the provision of access in rural areas: these cookstoves are assumed to be the best available, and by 2030, they are assumed to reach the emissions performance of advanced biomass cookstoves.

Modern stoves use liquids or gas, including LPG, biogas, electricity, ethanol or natural gas. Efficiency is high and pollution is typically very low or absent. An exception is kerosene, which produces harmful levels of air pollution and is a common source of fires and child injuries from accidental ingestion. A biogas digester is a system which produces biogas via anaerobic digestion from biomass and organic waste.

Additional population with clean cooking access

In order to provide an outlook for clean cooking access in the next decades, a model which projects country-level access levels to 2040 was developed. The projections are based on a country-by-country analysis of recent progress in clean cooking access, policy commitments and investment.

Clean cooking options

LPG stoves are judged to be more likely to penetrate as the first clean cooking solution in urban zones, where infrastructure, distribution and fuel costs can benefit from economies of scale and consumers have a relatively higher ability to pay. Thus LPG stoves are assumed to provide clean cooking services for the majority of urban zones still relying on the traditional use of biomass (with the rest reached by electricity, natural gas, or alternative solutions such as improved biomass cookstoves or ethanol), but for only a small part of rural households, depending on the country. The large majority of rural households are assumed to be provided with improved biomass cookstoves, and the remaining with biogas digesters, LPG, or other solutions such as ethanol. Those global targets are then reflected in regional allocations of the various options regarding the most likely technology solution in each region, given resource availability and government policies and measures. The analysis also takes into account the move from household use of ICS and LPG to natural gas and electricity.

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